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文法 N5JLPT N5 grammar, explained

Every grammar point of the JLPT N5 level as Oni Dojo teaches it: 72 patterns in 25 lessons, each with its meaning, a short explanation and an example sentence. In the app every example is voiced, and each pattern comes back as a flashcard.

1. Greetings and first words2. Introducing yourself3. Asking questions4. This, that, here and there5. Numbers, prices and age6. Time and days7. Daily actions: verbs8. Yesterday: the past tense9. Describing things: い-adjectives10. Likes and skills: な-adjectives11. There is, there are12. Invitations13. Wants and wishes14. The て-form and requests15. Right now: ~ています16. Permission and rules17. Sequences of actions18. Plain form and casual speech19. Please don't, and must20. Plain past and experiences21. Comparisons22. Opinions and quotes23. Giving and receiving24. When, before and after25. Review: a day in the dojo

LESSON 1Greetings and first words

おはようございます/こんにちは/こんばんは

Good morning / Hello / Good evening

Japanese greetings change with the time of day. おはようございます is used until about 10–11 a.m., こんにちは during the day, and こんばんは after dark.

Good morning.

ありがとうございます/すみません

Thank you / Excuse me, sorry

ありがとうございます is the polite "thank you"; ありがとう is casual. すみません is one of the most useful words in Japanese: it means "excuse me" (to get attention), "sorry", and even "thank you for the trouble".

Thank you very much.

いただきます/ごちそうさまでした

Before and after eating

Before eating, Japanese people put their hands together and say いただきます ("I humbly receive"). After the meal they say ごちそうさまでした ("thank you for the meal").

Let's eat. (said before eating)

LESSON 2Introducing yourself

AはBです

A is B

This is the most important pattern in Japanese. は marks the topic ("as for A") and です ends a polite sentence like "is/am/are".

I'm Tommy.

AはBじゃありません

A is not B

To make です negative, use じゃありません (spoken) or ではありません (more formal). In casual speech you will hear じゃないです too.

I am not a teacher.

~さん/~人/~から来ました

Mr./Ms. … / nationality / I came from …

Add さん after other people's names (family name or first name) — never after your own. Add 人 (じん) to a country to make a nationality: 日本人, ドイツ人.

I come from Norway.

LESSON 3Asking questions

~か

Question marker

Add か at the end of a polite sentence and it becomes a question — no word order change. In writing, Japanese uses 。 even after か, though ? is common in casual text.

Is Tanaka-san a teacher?

なん/なに・だれ・どこ

What · who · where

Question words go where the answer would go. なん is used before です and counters (なんですか), なに before most other words.

What is this?

~も

Also, too

も replaces は (or が) to mean "also". わたしも学生です。 = "I am a student too."

I'm a student too.

LESSON 4This, that, here and there

これ・それ・あれ・どれ

This one · that one · that one over there · which one

Japanese splits "this/that" three ways: これ (near me), それ (near you), あれ (far from both of us). どれ asks "which one?". These stand alone as nouns.

This is my bag.

この・その・あの・どの+noun

This … · that … · which …

Before a noun use この/その/あの/どの: この本 "this book", あの人 "that person".

This book is interesting.

ここ・そこ・あそこ・どこ / AのB

Here · there · over there / A's B

The same three-way split works for places: ここ "here", そこ "there (near you)", あそこ "over there".

This (place) is the classroom.

LESSON 5Numbers, prices and age

いち、に、さん… / 十・百・千・万

Numbers

1–10: いち、に、さん、よん(し)、ご、ろく、なな(しち)、はち、きゅう(く)、じゅう. Bigger numbers are built like Lego: 二十 (にじゅう) = 20, 三百 (さんびゃく) = 300, 五千 (ごせん) = 5,000.

fifteen (じゅうご)

~はいくらですか / ~円です

How much is …? / It's … yen

いくら means "how much". Answer with the number + 円 (えん, yen). To buy something say ~をください "please give me …".

How much is this shirt?

~さい / ~つ

Age / counting things

Age uses さい: 二十さい is 20 years old (はたち is the special word for 20). Ask なんさいですか, or politely おいくつですか.

I'm thirty years old.

LESSON 6Time and days

~時~分

… o'clock … minutes

Hours: 一時 (いちじ), 二時 (にじ)… but 4 o'clock is よじ, 7 is しちじ and 9 is くじ. Minutes use 分 (ふん/ぷん): 五分 ごふん, 十分 じゅっぷん, 三十分 さんじゅっぷん. Half past is 半 (はん).

What time is it now?

~曜日

Days of the week

月曜日 Monday, 火曜日 Tuesday, 水曜日 Wednesday, 木曜日 Thursday, 金曜日 Friday, 土曜日 Saturday, 日曜日 Sunday. They come from the moon, fire, water, wood, gold, earth and sun.

Today is Monday.

AからBまで

From A until B

から means "from" and まで "until / as far as". They work for time and for places.

The bank is open from nine to three.

LESSON 7Daily actions: verbs

~ます/~ません

Polite verbs: do / don't

Japanese verbs come at the end of the sentence. The polite present form ends in ます; the negative in ません. The same form covers present habits and the future: 食べます = "I eat / I will eat".

I drink coffee every morning.

~を+verb

Object marker を

を (read "o") marks what the action is done to: パンを食べます "eat bread", 本を読みます "read a book".

I eat bread.

~へ/~に行きます / 時間+に

Going somewhere / at a time

へ (read "e") and に both mark the destination of 行きます (go), 来ます (come) and 帰ります (go home).

I go to school.

LESSON 8Yesterday: the past tense

~ました/~ませんでした

Did / didn't

Change ます to ました for the past, and ません to ませんでした for the past negative. For nouns, です becomes でした.

I watched a movie yesterday.

場所+で

Place of an action

で marks where an action happens: 図書館で勉強します "I study at the library". Compare に/へ, which mark where you go to.

I read a book at the library.

乗り物+で

By (means)

で also marks the tool or means: バスで行きます "go by bus", はしで食べます "eat with chopsticks". On foot is 歩いて (no で).

I go to work by train.

LESSON 9Describing things: い-adjectives

い-adjective+です

It is …

い-adjectives end in い: 高い expensive/tall, 安い cheap, おいしい delicious. Put them before a noun (高い車) or before です (この車は高いです).

This ramen is delicious.

~くないです/~かったです

Not … / was …

Negative: drop い, add くないです: 高い → 高くないです. Past: drop い, add かったです: 高かったです. Past negative: 高くなかったです.

This book isn't interesting.

とても/あまり~ない

Very / not very

とても means "very". あまり + negative means "not very": あまり高くないです "not very expensive".

It was very fun.

LESSON 10Likes and skills: な-adjectives

な-adjective+な+noun / ~です

な-adjectives

な-adjectives behave like nouns: きれいです (pretty), 元気です (well), 静かです (quiet). Before a noun they take な: きれいな花 "a pretty flower".

This town is quiet.

~が好きです/きらいです

I like / dislike …

好き (like) and きらい (dislike) are な-adjectives, and the thing liked is marked with が: 猫が好きです "I like cats". 大好き = love.

I like cats.

~が上手です/下手です

Good at / bad at …

上手 (じょうず) good at, 下手 (へた) bad at, also with が. Don't use 上手 about yourself — say 得意 (とくい) instead; it sounds less like bragging.

Tanaka-san is good at singing.

LESSON 11There is, there are

~があります/~がいます

There is …

Japanese has two verbs for "there is": あります for things and plants, います for people and animals. The thing that exists is marked with が.

There is a book on the desk.

場所+に+~があります

In/at (place) there is …

The place where something exists is marked with に. The usual order is place に thing が あります.

There is a bank in front of the station.

~は~にあります/います

(Thing) is in/at (place)

To say where a specific, known thing is, make it the topic: トイレは二階にあります "The toilet is on the second floor". This answers "where is …?".

The toilet is on the second floor.

LESSON 12Invitations

~ませんか

Won't you …? / Would you like to …?

Asking in the negative is the polite way to invite: いっしょに映画を見ませんか "Would you like to see a movie together?". It leaves room for the other person to say no.

Would you like to have lunch together?

~ましょう

Let's …

Change ます to ましょう for "let's": 行きましょう "let's go". It's also the natural way to accept an invitation.

Yes, let's go.

~ましょうか

Shall I …? / Shall we …?

ましょうか offers help or makes a suggestion: 手伝いましょうか "Shall I help?", 窓を開けましょうか "Shall I open the window?".

Shall I carry your luggage?

LESSON 13Wants and wishes

~がほしいです

I want (a thing)

ほしい is an い-adjective meaning "wanted". The thing you want takes が: 新しいパソコンがほしいです. Negative: ほしくないです.

I want a new computer.

verb stem+たいです

I want to (do)

Remove ます and add たいです: 行きます → 行きたいです "I want to go". It conjugates like an い-adjective: 行きたくないです (don't want to), 行きたかったです (wanted to).

I want to go to Japan.

~になりたい

Want to become …

なります means "become". With nouns use に: 医者になりたいです "I want to become a doctor". With い-adjectives use く: 強くなりたい "I want to become strong".

I want to become an interpreter.

LESSON 14The て-form and requests

Verb groups

Three kinds of verbs

Group 3 (irregular) has just two verbs: します and 来ます. Group 2 (る-verbs) mostly have an e-sound before ます: 食べます, 寝ます, 教えます. A few Group 2 verbs have an i-sound instead and simply have to be learned: 見ます, 起きます, います, 借ります.

eat · see · sleep

て-form

Connecting form

Group 2: drop ます, add て: 食べます → 食べて. Group 3: して, 来て (きて).

write

~てください

Please (do)

て-form + ください makes a polite request: ちょっと待ってください "please wait a moment". To soften it further: ~てくださいませんか.

Please wait a moment.

LESSON 15Right now: ~ています

~ています(action in progress)

Is doing …

て-form + います describes an action happening right now: 今、雨が降っています "It's raining now". It also describes habits: 毎朝走っています "I run every morning".

What are you doing now?

~ています(resulting state)

State

With verbs of change, ~ています describes the state that results: 結婚しています "is married" (not "is getting married"), 住んでいます "lives", 知っています "knows".

My older sister is married.

~ていません

Haven't (yet) / am not doing

The negative ~ていません often means "not yet": まだ食べていません "I haven't eaten yet".

I haven't done my homework yet.

LESSON 16Permission and rules

~てもいいです

You may … / It's OK to …

Add もいいです to the て-form to give permission: 写真を撮ってもいいです "You may take photos". Add か to ask: 入ってもいいですか "May I come in?".

May I sit here?

~てはいけません

You must not …

て-form + はいけません forbids something: ここでたばこを吸ってはいけません "You must not smoke here". It sounds strict, like a rule or a teacher speaking.

You must not take photos here.

LESSON 17Sequences of actions

~て、~て、~ます

do A, (then) B, (then) C

The て-form links actions in the order they happen. Only the last verb shows tense and politeness: 朝起きて、顔を洗って、ご飯を食べます.

I get up in the morning and take a shower.

~てから

after doing …

てから stresses that the first action is finished before the second begins: 手を洗ってから食べてください "Please wash your hands before eating" (literally "after washing").

I'll play after doing my homework.

Linking adjectives: ~くて/~で

A and B (descriptions)

Adjectives link too. い-adjectives: い → くて (安くておいしい "cheap and tasty"). な-adjectives and nouns: add で (きれいで静か "pretty and quiet").

This shop is cheap and tasty.

LESSON 18Plain form and casual speech

Dictionary form

the plain present: 食べる, 行く, する

Every verb has a plain form used with friends and inside longer sentences. It's the form you find in a dictionary.

I study Japanese every day.

ない form

the plain negative: 食べない, 行かない

Group 2: remove る, add ない — 食べる → 食べない.

I'm not going today.

Casual speech

talking like a friend

Between friends, drop です/ます: 行きますか → 行く? (rising intonation instead of か). For nouns and な-adjectives, だ replaces です, but in questions it's dropped: 学生? "(Are you a) student?"

This is tasty!

LESSON 19Please don't, and must

~ないでください

Please don't …

ない form + でください makes a polite negative request: 写真を撮らないでください "Please don't take photos".

Please don't park your car here.

~なければなりません

must …, have to …

Change ない to なければなりません: 行かない → 行かなければなりません "I have to go". It's long; in casual speech people shorten it to なきゃ: 行かなきゃ!

I have to get up early tomorrow.

~なくてもいいです

don't have to …

Change ない to なくてもいいです: 来なくてもいいです "You don't have to come". It's the opposite of なければなりません.

I don't have to go to the office on Saturday.

LESSON 20Plain past and experiences

た form

plain past: 食べた, 行った

Take the て-form and change て → た, で → だ: 食べて → 食べた, 行って → 行った, 飲んで → 飲んだ, して → した, 来て → 来た (きた).

What did you do yesterday?

~たことがあります

have (ever) done …

た form + ことがあります talks about life experience: 富士山に登ったことがあります "I have climbed Mt Fuji". Negative: ~たことがありません "I have never …".

Have you ever eaten sushi?

~たり~たりします

do things like A and B

た form + り lists a few example actions without saying it's the complete list: 週末は本を読んだり、ゲームをしたりします "At weekends I do things like read books and play games".

On days off I do things like clean and do laundry.

LESSON 21Comparisons

AはBより~です

A is more … than B

より means "than". The thing you compare against takes より: 東京は大阪より大きいです "Tokyo is bigger than Osaka". Japanese adjectives don't change — より does all the work.

Tokyo is bigger than Osaka.

AとBとどちらが~ですか

Which is more …, A or B?

Ask with AとBとどちらが~ですか. Answer with Aのほうが~です "A is more …". どちら is polite; casual speech uses どっち.

Which do you like more, meat or fish?

~の中で~がいちばん~です

… is the most … of …

いちばん ("number one") makes a superlative: 日本の山の中で富士山がいちばん高いです "Of Japan's mountains, Fuji is the highest". Ask with 何/だれ/どこ/いつ が いちばん …?

What fruit do you like best?

LESSON 22Opinions and quotes

普通形+と思います

I think (that) …

Put a plain-form sentence before と思います: 明日は雨が降ると思います "I think it will rain tomorrow". With nouns and な-adjectives add だ: 先生は元気だと思います.

I think it will rain tomorrow.

~と言いました

(someone) said …

For a direct quote, use 「…」と言いました: 先生は「がんばって」と言いました. For an indirect quote, put the plain form before と: 先生は明日休むと言いました "Sensei said she'd be off tomorrow".

Kurenai said "Well done."

LESSON 23Giving and receiving

AはBに~をあげます

A gives … to B

あげます is giving outward — from you (or someone) to another person: わたしは母に花をあげました "I gave my mother flowers". The receiver takes に.

I gave my friend a present.

AはBに/から~をもらいます

A receives … from B

もらいます is receiving. The giver takes に or から: わたしは父に時計をもらいました "I got a watch from my father".

I got a book from my sister for my birthday.

BはわたしにXをくれます

B gives (me) …

When someone gives to you (or your family), use くれます, not あげます: 友だちがわたしにケーキをくれました "My friend gave me a cake". わたしに is often left out.

Sensei gave me this dictionary.

LESSON 24When, before and after

~とき

when …

とき ("time") follows a plain form, an adjective, or noun+の: 子どものとき "when I was a child", ひまなとき "when I'm free", 寒いとき "when it's cold", 日本へ行くとき "when I go to Japan".

When I was a child, I often climbed mountains.

辞書形+前に/Nの前に

before …

前に after the dictionary form means "before doing": 寝る前に歯をみがきます "I brush my teeth before sleeping". The verb before 前に is always dictionary form, even about the past. With nouns: 食事の前に "before the meal".

I read before going to bed.

た形+後で/Nの後で

after …

後で after the た form means "after doing": 授業が終わった後で、図書館へ行きます. With nouns: 仕事の後で "after work". Compare てから (lesson 17): 後で focuses more on the timing.

I take a walk after eating.

LESSON 25Review: a day in the dojo

Review: verb forms

ます・て・ない・た・dictionary

You now know the five core verb forms. 行きます (polite) · 行って (て) · 行かない (negative) · 行った (past) · 行く (dictionary).

I am studying Japanese every day.

Review: particles

は・が・を・に・で・へ・と・も・の・から・まで・より

は topic · が subject/what exists or is liked · を object · に time, destination, location of existence, receiver · で place of action, means · へ direction · と with/and/quote · も also · の of/'s · から from/because · まで until · より than.

I go to the office by train at seven every morning.
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