Every grammar point of the JLPT N5 level as Oni Dojo teaches it: 72 patterns in 25 lessons, each with its meaning, a short explanation and an example sentence. In the app every example is voiced, and each pattern comes back as a flashcard.
Japanese greetings change with the time of day. おはようございます is used until about 10–11 a.m., こんにちは during the day, and こんばんは after dark.
ありがとうございます is the polite "thank you"; ありがとう is casual. すみません is one of the most useful words in Japanese: it means "excuse me" (to get attention), "sorry", and even "thank you for the trouble".
Before eating, Japanese people put their hands together and say いただきます ("I humbly receive"). After the meal they say ごちそうさまでした ("thank you for the meal").
This is the most important pattern in Japanese. は marks the topic ("as for A") and です ends a polite sentence like "is/am/are".
To make です negative, use じゃありません (spoken) or ではありません (more formal). In casual speech you will hear じゃないです too.
Add さん after other people's names (family name or first name) — never after your own. Add 人 (じん) to a country to make a nationality: 日本人, ドイツ人.
Add か at the end of a polite sentence and it becomes a question — no word order change. In writing, Japanese uses 。 even after か, though ? is common in casual text.
Question words go where the answer would go. なん is used before です and counters (なんですか), なに before most other words.
も replaces は (or が) to mean "also". わたしも学生です。 = "I am a student too."
Japanese splits "this/that" three ways: これ (near me), それ (near you), あれ (far from both of us). どれ asks "which one?". These stand alone as nouns.
Before a noun use この/その/あの/どの: この本 "this book", あの人 "that person".
The same three-way split works for places: ここ "here", そこ "there (near you)", あそこ "over there".
1–10: いち、に、さん、よん(し)、ご、ろく、なな(しち)、はち、きゅう(く)、じゅう. Bigger numbers are built like Lego: 二十 (にじゅう) = 20, 三百 (さんびゃく) = 300, 五千 (ごせん) = 5,000.
いくら means "how much". Answer with the number + 円 (えん, yen). To buy something say ~をください "please give me …".
Age uses さい: 二十さい is 20 years old (はたち is the special word for 20). Ask なんさいですか, or politely おいくつですか.
Hours: 一時 (いちじ), 二時 (にじ)… but 4 o'clock is よじ, 7 is しちじ and 9 is くじ. Minutes use 分 (ふん/ぷん): 五分 ごふん, 十分 じゅっぷん, 三十分 さんじゅっぷん. Half past is 半 (はん).
月曜日 Monday, 火曜日 Tuesday, 水曜日 Wednesday, 木曜日 Thursday, 金曜日 Friday, 土曜日 Saturday, 日曜日 Sunday. They come from the moon, fire, water, wood, gold, earth and sun.
から means "from" and まで "until / as far as". They work for time and for places.
Japanese verbs come at the end of the sentence. The polite present form ends in ます; the negative in ません. The same form covers present habits and the future: 食べます = "I eat / I will eat".
を (read "o") marks what the action is done to: パンを食べます "eat bread", 本を読みます "read a book".
へ (read "e") and に both mark the destination of 行きます (go), 来ます (come) and 帰ります (go home).
Change ます to ました for the past, and ません to ませんでした for the past negative. For nouns, です becomes でした.
で marks where an action happens: 図書館で勉強します "I study at the library". Compare に/へ, which mark where you go to.
で also marks the tool or means: バスで行きます "go by bus", はしで食べます "eat with chopsticks". On foot is 歩いて (no で).
い-adjectives end in い: 高い expensive/tall, 安い cheap, おいしい delicious. Put them before a noun (高い車) or before です (この車は高いです).
Negative: drop い, add くないです: 高い → 高くないです. Past: drop い, add かったです: 高かったです. Past negative: 高くなかったです.
とても means "very". あまり + negative means "not very": あまり高くないです "not very expensive".
な-adjectives behave like nouns: きれいです (pretty), 元気です (well), 静かです (quiet). Before a noun they take な: きれいな花 "a pretty flower".
好き (like) and きらい (dislike) are な-adjectives, and the thing liked is marked with が: 猫が好きです "I like cats". 大好き = love.
上手 (じょうず) good at, 下手 (へた) bad at, also with が. Don't use 上手 about yourself — say 得意 (とくい) instead; it sounds less like bragging.
Japanese has two verbs for "there is": あります for things and plants, います for people and animals. The thing that exists is marked with が.
The place where something exists is marked with に. The usual order is place に thing が あります.
To say where a specific, known thing is, make it the topic: トイレは二階にあります "The toilet is on the second floor". This answers "where is …?".
Asking in the negative is the polite way to invite: いっしょに映画を見ませんか "Would you like to see a movie together?". It leaves room for the other person to say no.
Change ます to ましょう for "let's": 行きましょう "let's go". It's also the natural way to accept an invitation.
ましょうか offers help or makes a suggestion: 手伝いましょうか "Shall I help?", 窓を開けましょうか "Shall I open the window?".
ほしい is an い-adjective meaning "wanted". The thing you want takes が: 新しいパソコンがほしいです. Negative: ほしくないです.
Remove ます and add たいです: 行きます → 行きたいです "I want to go". It conjugates like an い-adjective: 行きたくないです (don't want to), 行きたかったです (wanted to).
なります means "become". With nouns use に: 医者になりたいです "I want to become a doctor". With い-adjectives use く: 強くなりたい "I want to become strong".
Group 3 (irregular) has just two verbs: します and 来ます. Group 2 (る-verbs) mostly have an e-sound before ます: 食べます, 寝ます, 教えます. A few Group 2 verbs have an i-sound instead and simply have to be learned: 見ます, 起きます, います, 借ります.
Group 2: drop ます, add て: 食べます → 食べて. Group 3: して, 来て (きて).
て-form + ください makes a polite request: ちょっと待ってください "please wait a moment". To soften it further: ~てくださいませんか.
て-form + います describes an action happening right now: 今、雨が降っています "It's raining now". It also describes habits: 毎朝走っています "I run every morning".
With verbs of change, ~ています describes the state that results: 結婚しています "is married" (not "is getting married"), 住んでいます "lives", 知っています "knows".
The negative ~ていません often means "not yet": まだ食べていません "I haven't eaten yet".
Add もいいです to the て-form to give permission: 写真を撮ってもいいです "You may take photos". Add か to ask: 入ってもいいですか "May I come in?".
て-form + はいけません forbids something: ここでたばこを吸ってはいけません "You must not smoke here". It sounds strict, like a rule or a teacher speaking.
The て-form links actions in the order they happen. Only the last verb shows tense and politeness: 朝起きて、顔を洗って、ご飯を食べます.
てから stresses that the first action is finished before the second begins: 手を洗ってから食べてください "Please wash your hands before eating" (literally "after washing").
Adjectives link too. い-adjectives: い → くて (安くておいしい "cheap and tasty"). な-adjectives and nouns: add で (きれいで静か "pretty and quiet").
Every verb has a plain form used with friends and inside longer sentences. It's the form you find in a dictionary.
Group 2: remove る, add ない — 食べる → 食べない.
Between friends, drop です/ます: 行きますか → 行く? (rising intonation instead of か). For nouns and な-adjectives, だ replaces です, but in questions it's dropped: 学生? "(Are you a) student?"
ない form + でください makes a polite negative request: 写真を撮らないでください "Please don't take photos".
Change ない to なければなりません: 行かない → 行かなければなりません "I have to go". It's long; in casual speech people shorten it to なきゃ: 行かなきゃ!
Change ない to なくてもいいです: 来なくてもいいです "You don't have to come". It's the opposite of なければなりません.
Take the て-form and change て → た, で → だ: 食べて → 食べた, 行って → 行った, 飲んで → 飲んだ, して → した, 来て → 来た (きた).
た form + ことがあります talks about life experience: 富士山に登ったことがあります "I have climbed Mt Fuji". Negative: ~たことがありません "I have never …".
た form + り lists a few example actions without saying it's the complete list: 週末は本を読んだり、ゲームをしたりします "At weekends I do things like read books and play games".
より means "than". The thing you compare against takes より: 東京は大阪より大きいです "Tokyo is bigger than Osaka". Japanese adjectives don't change — より does all the work.
Ask with AとBとどちらが~ですか. Answer with Aのほうが~です "A is more …". どちら is polite; casual speech uses どっち.
いちばん ("number one") makes a superlative: 日本の山の中で富士山がいちばん高いです "Of Japan's mountains, Fuji is the highest". Ask with 何/だれ/どこ/いつ が いちばん …?
Put a plain-form sentence before と思います: 明日は雨が降ると思います "I think it will rain tomorrow". With nouns and な-adjectives add だ: 先生は元気だと思います.
For a direct quote, use 「…」と言いました: 先生は「がんばって」と言いました. For an indirect quote, put the plain form before と: 先生は明日休むと言いました "Sensei said she'd be off tomorrow".
あげます is giving outward — from you (or someone) to another person: わたしは母に花をあげました "I gave my mother flowers". The receiver takes に.
もらいます is receiving. The giver takes に or から: わたしは父に時計をもらいました "I got a watch from my father".
When someone gives to you (or your family), use くれます, not あげます: 友だちがわたしにケーキをくれました "My friend gave me a cake". わたしに is often left out.
とき ("time") follows a plain form, an adjective, or noun+の: 子どものとき "when I was a child", ひまなとき "when I'm free", 寒いとき "when it's cold", 日本へ行くとき "when I go to Japan".
前に after the dictionary form means "before doing": 寝る前に歯をみがきます "I brush my teeth before sleeping". The verb before 前に is always dictionary form, even about the past. With nouns: 食事の前に "before the meal".
後で after the た form means "after doing": 授業が終わった後で、図書館へ行きます. With nouns: 仕事の後で "after work". Compare てから (lesson 17): 後で focuses more on the timing.
You now know the five core verb forms. 行きます (polite) · 行って (て) · 行かない (negative) · 行った (past) · 行く (dictionary).
は topic · が subject/what exists or is liked · を object · に time, destination, location of existence, receiver · で place of action, means · へ direction · と with/and/quote · も also · の of/'s · から from/because · まで until · より than.
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